What is a Kidney Stone? Types of Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones are hard, crystalline mineral substance that forms inside the kidneys or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a typical reason for blood in the urine (hematuria) and are regularly serious torment in the mid-region, flank, or crotch. Kidney stones are in some cases called kidney stones.

The state of having kidney stones is called Nephrologists. The presence of stones anywhere in the urinary tract is referred to as urolithiasis, and the term urolithiasis is used to refer to stones in the ureter.

Types of kidney stones

Not all kidney stones are made of the same crystals. It includes the different types of kidney stones:

Calcium

Calcium stones are the most common. It is often made from calcium oxalate (although it can be composed of calcium phosphate or maleate). Eating foods rich in oxalate can reduce your risk of developing this type of stone. Include foods high in oxalates:

· Potato chips

· Peanuts

· chocolate

· Beets

· spinach

However, although some kidney stones are made of calcium, getting enough calcium in your diet can prevent stones from forming.

Uric acid

This kind of kidney stone is more normal in men than in ladies. It can occur in people with gout or in those undergoing chemotherapy.

This kind of stone creates when pee is excessively acidic. An eating routine wealthy in purines can expand the corrosive level in the urine. Purine is a colorless substance in animal proteins, such as fish, shellfish, and meat.

Struvite

This type of stone is most often found in women with urinary tract infections (UTIs). These stones can be large and block the urinary tract. It results from a kidney infection. Treating the underlying infection can prevent struvite stones.

Cystine

Cystine stones are rare. They occur in both men and women with the inherited disorder cystinuria. With this type of stone, cysteine, which is naturally present in the body, leaks from the kidneys into the urine.

Causes and risk factors of kidney stones

Anyone can develop kidney stones, but some people are more likely than others to develop them. Men get kidney stones more often than women. Kidney stones are also more common in non-Hispanic white people than in people of other races. You may be at higher risk of developing kidney stones if:

· You have previously had kidney stones.

· A member of your family has had a kidney stone.

· You are not drinking enough water.

· Eat a diet rich in protein, sodium, and/or sugar.

· You are overweight or obese.

· Have had gastric bypass surgery or other intestinal surgery.

· You have polycystic kidney disease or cystic kidney disease.

· You have a specific condition that causes your urine to contain high levels of cysteine, oxalate, uric acid, or calcium.

· You have a condition that causes swelling or irritation in your bowels or joints.

· You are taking certain medicines, such as diuretics (water pills) or antacids that contain calcium.

Symptoms

Kidney stones usually do not cause symptoms until they move into the kidneys or pass through the ureters, the tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder. If it becomes lodged in the ureters, it can block the flow of urine and cause swelling of the kidneys and ureteral spasms, which can be extremely painful. At this point, you may experience these signs and symptoms:

· sharp, sharp pain in the side and back, just below the ribs

· Pain that radiates down the abdomen and groin

· Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity

· Pain or burning during urination

It may include other signs and symptoms:

· Pink, red, or brown urine

· Cloudy or foul-smelling urine

· Constant need to urinate, urinate more than usual or urinate small amounts

· ea nausea and vomiting

· Fever and chills if the infection is present

Pain caused by a kidney stone may change, for example, to move to a different location or increase in intensity as the stone moves through the urinary tract.

How do healthcare professionals diagnose kidney stones?

Healthcare professionals use your medical history, a physical exam, laboratory tests, and imaging to diagnose kidney stones.

Your healthcare professional will ask you if you have a history of health conditions that make you more likely to develop kidney stones. Your healthcare professional may also ask you if you have a family history of kidney stones and what you usually eat. During the physical exam, the health care professional will usually examine your body. Your healthcare professional will ask about your symptoms.

Exams and Tests

The medical care supplier will play out an actual assessment. You may feel pain in the stomach area (abdomen) or the back.

Includes tests that may be performed:

· Blood tests to check levels of calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, and electrolytes

· Kidney function tests

· Urinalysis to see crystals and look for red blood cells in the urine

· Examine the stone to determine its type

Stones or blockages may be seen:

· CT scan of the abdomen

· Abdominal x-ray

· Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

· Ultrasound of the kidneys

· Pyelon regression

Kidney stone treatment

Kidney stones are treated similarly in children and adults. You might be approached to drink a ton of water. Specialists attempt to let the stone pass without a medical procedure. You can also get medicine to help reduce the acidity of your urine. But if it is very large, if it is blocking the flow of urine, or if there is a sign of infection, it is removed with surgery.

Shock wave lithotripsy is a non-invasive procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to burst the stone into fragments that are more easily passed in the urine. In ureteroscopy, an endoscope is embedded through the ureter to recover or devastate the stone. Rarely, for very large or complex stones, doctors use kidney stones / percutaneous kidney stones.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Kidney stones are painful, but most of the time they can be removed from the body without causing permanent damage.

Kidney stones often return. This often happens if the cause is not found and treated.

You are at risk for:

  •  Urinary tract infection
  • Kidney damage or scarring if treatment is delayed for a long time

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